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The Forest Black Box

The black box movie

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Daniel Lingenfelter, Staff Engineer, Seagate TechnologySome predictive models are analytical and based on first principles, while others are solely data-driven. Analytical models are often based on a human’s understanding of nature, while data-driven models attempt to model nature using data alone. Some data-driven models, such as linear regression, are transparent and interpretable, while other “black-box” models are not transparent at all and can be difficult to interpret.Disciplines as physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and others typically rely on analytical, numerical, and statistical models to explain results, understand intrinsic relationships, and make predictions (inter-/extrapolations).Some other disciplines–such as Big Data Analytics–deal with huge volumes of numerical and categorical data that are often noisy and incomplete. Supervised machine-learning (ML) models are data-driven and are often the preferred choice for predictive models in these disciplines. In many practical settings, the learned model improves as the amount of data available to train the model grows. Some ML models result in “black-box” predictions, especially when a large amount of training data is used to learn complicated non-linear relationships in the data. Such “black-box” models are often the best in terms of prediction accuracy, but this accuracy often comes with less interpretability than other model choices.A “classical” study involving analytical or statistical modeling will likely start with a general model description providing disclaimers about the main assumptions used in the model, limits of its applicability, and cautionary notes for the future users of the model.

The Forest Black Box Spring

A well-written study description will address the shortcuts used, the uncertainties in the inputs and will try to provide an accurate estimate of the prediction error. Finally, the study will present its results and conclusions.Check This Out:-Check This Out:-​In the case of a BB algorithm, the model is trained using a training sub-set of the total available dataset.The above approach allows the reader to understand the fine details of the model and all of its elements: data, algorithms, logic, etc. All of this is extremely valuable for understanding why the results are what they are. In fact, this is how most readers and users are performing the ‘sanity check’ of the model and its results before they adopt it – by looking at those elements of the model and trying to check if the model is self-consistent and if its statements make physical, mathematical, and general sense.Let’s now consider a different approach to modeling that is frequently used in: relying on so-called “black box” (BB) algorithms from the field of machine learning. One of the most well known examples of such an algorithm – the Random Forest Algorithm – was introduced by Leo Breiman around 2000 and is used to address a broad spectrum of problems and practical applications.In the case of a BB algorithm, the model is trained using a training sub-set of the total available dataset. In a random forest, this training set is then randomly sampled to create several different sample-training sets. A separate decision tree is then trained to perform regression or classification on each sample training set (this process is called bootstrap aggregation or bagging, resulting in several fitted trees.

Random Forest Variable Importance Interpretation

Andrei Khurshudov, Chief Technologist, Seagate TechnologyOnly when one combines all of the trees together (see figure) – or, collects one “consensus answer” from the entire forest – is the algorithm’s job is truly done. This model can make accurate predictions when applied correctly, but the large number of trees obscures the explanation of why a prediction was made.Similar to traditional models, this “black box” model allows for accuracy testing. The “test” subset contains data not used for training or validation and has known, or labeled, answers. The test set is used to confirm the overall predictive power of the trained and validated model.Therefore, in many ways, the “black box” model is no different from the classical models.